In China, small groups of students imported the humanistic pro-science version of anarcho-communism
Tokyo was a hotspot for rebellious youth from East Asian countries, who moved to the Japanese capital to study
In Latin America, Argentina was a stronghold for anarcho-syndicalism, where it became the most prominent left-wing ideology
During this time, a minority of anarchists adopted tactics of revolutionary political violence, known as propaganda of the deed
Illegalism was another strategy which some anarchists adopted during this period
Several anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraine, before the Bolsheviks crushed the anarchist movement there too
With the anarchists being repressed in Russia, two new antithetical currents emerged, namely platformism and synthesis anarchism
The former sought to create a coherent group that would push for revolution while the latter were against anything that would resemble a political party
In the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39, anarchists and syndicalists (CNT and FAI) once again allied themselves with various currents of leftists
A long tradition of Spanish anarchism led to anarchists playing a pivotal role in the war, and particularly in the Spanish Revolution of 1936
Post-WWII 

By the end of World War II, the anarchist movement had been severely weakened
The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caused by a perceived failure of Marxism–Leninism and tensions built by the Cold War
It also saw a transition from its previous revolutionary nature to provocative anti-capitalist reformism
Anarchism became associated with punk subculture as exemplified by bands such as Crass and the Sex Pistols
The established feminist tendencies of anarcha-feminism returned with vigour during the second wave of feminism
Black anarchism began to take form at this time and influenced anarchism's move from a Eurocentric demographic
This coincided with its failure to gain traction in Northern Europe and its unprecedented height in Latin America
Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence within anti-capitalist, anti-war and anti-globalisation movements
Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Group of Eight and the World Economic Forum
During the protests, ad hoc leaderless anonymous cadres known as black blocs engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with the police
Other organisational tactics pioneered at this time include affinity groups, security culture and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet
A significant event of this period was the confrontations at the 1999 Seattle WTO conference
While having revolutionary aspirations, many forms of anarchism are not confrontational nowadays
Instead, they are trying to build an alternative way of social organization, based on mutual interdependence and voluntary cooperation
Honeywell also emphasizes that contemporary anarchists are interested in the flourishing not only of humans, but non-humans and the environment as well
Anarchism pays significant attention to moral arguments since ethics have a central role in anarchist philosophy
Anarchism's emphasis on anti-capitalism, egalitarianism, and for the extension of community and individuality sets it apart from anarcho-capitalism and other types of economic libertarianism
Anarchism is usually placed on the far-left of the political spectrum
As anarchism does not offer a fixed body of doctrine from a single particular worldview, many anarchist types and traditions exist and varieties of anarchy diverge widely
Belief in political nihilism has been espoused by anarchists
Classical 

Inceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were mutualism and individualism
They were followed by the major currents of social anarchism (collectivist, communist and syndicalist)
They differ on organisational and economic aspects of their ideal society
Mutualism is an 18th-century economic theory that was developed into anarchist theory by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Its aims include "abolishing the state", reciprocity, free association, voluntary contract, federation and monetary reform of both credit and currency that would be regulated by a bank of the people
Mutualism has been retrospectively characterised as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism
Collectivist anarchism arose alongside Marxism but rejected the dictatorship of the proletariat despite the stated Marxist goal of a collectivist stateless society
It was later expanded upon in the theoretical work of Peter Kropotkin, whose specific style would go onto become the dominating view of anarchists by the late 19th century
The basic principles of anarcho-syndicalism are direct action, workers' solidarity and workers' self-management
Individualist anarchism is a set of several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasise the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants
Early influences on individualist forms of anarchism include William Godwin, Max Stirner, and Henry David Thoreau
Post-classical and contemporary 

Anarchist principles undergird contemporary radical social movements of the left
Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the anti-globalisation movement, whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation
As the movement shaped 21st century radicalism, wider embrace of anarchist principles signaled a revival of interest
Anarchism has continued to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and combining disparate concepts to create new philosophical approaches
The anti-capitalist tradition of classical anarchism has remained prominent within contemporary currents
Contemporary news coverage which emphasizes black bloc demonstrations has reinforced anarchism's historical association with chaos and violence
Its publicity has also led more scholars in fields such as anthropology and history to engage with the anarchist movement, although contemporary anarchism favours actions over academic theory
Various anarchist groups, tendencies, and schools of thought exist today, making it difficult to describe the contemporary anarchist movement
Gender equality can be a common principle, although it ranks as a higher priority to anarcha-feminists than anarcho-communists