According to historian Sean Wilentz:

William C
Harris found that Lincoln's "reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism." James G
He denounced secession as anarchy, and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints
The term "the United States" has historically been used sometimes in the plural ("these United States") and other times in the singular
The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century
Historical reputation 

In surveys of U.S
scholars ranking presidents conducted since 1948, the top three presidents are Lincoln, Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although the order varies
Between 1999 and 2011, Lincoln, John F
Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan were the top-ranked presidents in eight public opinion surveys, according to Gallup
A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington
Lincoln's assassination left him a national martyr
He was viewed by abolitionists as a champion of human liberty
Republicans linked Lincoln's name to their party
Many, though not all, in the South considered Lincoln as a man of outstanding ability
Historians have said he was "a classical liberal" in the 19th-century sense
The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C
Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan
In the Cold War years, Lincoln's image shifted to a symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by Communist regimes
He had long been known as the Great Emancipator, but, by the late 1960s, some African American intellectuals, led by Lerone Bennett Jr., denied that Lincoln deserved that title
Bennett won wide attention when he called Lincoln a white supremacist in 1968
He noted that Lincoln used ethnic slurs and told jokes that ridiculed blacks
Bennett argued that Lincoln opposed social equality and proposed that freed slaves voluntarily move to another country
The emphasis shifted away from Lincoln the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government to emancipate them
Dirck stated that few Civil War scholars take Bennett seriously, pointing to his "narrow political agenda and faulty research"
Lincoln became a favorite of liberal intellectuals across the world
Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that Lincoln's image suffered "erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule" in the late 20th century
In the 21st century, President Barack Obama named Lincoln his favorite president and insisted on using the Lincoln Bible for his inaugural ceremonies
Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light
Memory and memorials

Lincoln's portrait appears on two denominations of United States currency, the penny and the $5 bill
His likeness also appears on many postage stamps
While he is usually portrayed bearded, he did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old Grace Bedell
He was the first of five presidents to do so
He has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, including the capital of Nebraska
The United States Navy   is named after Lincoln, the second Navy ship to bear his name
The Lincoln Memorial is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital and is one of the top five most visited National Park Service sites in the country
Ford's Theatre, among the most visited sites in Washington, D.C., is across the street from Petersen House, where Lincoln died
Memorials in Springfield, Illinois, include the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Lincoln's home, and his tomb
A portrait carving of Lincoln appears with those of three other presidents on Mount Rushmore, which receives about 3 million visitors a year
An influential statue of Lincoln stands in Lincoln Park, Chicago, with recastings given as diplomatic gifts standing in Parliament Square, London, and Parque Lincoln, Mexico City
In 2019, Congress officially dedicated room H-226 in the United States Capitol to Abraham Lincoln
The room is located off National Statuary Hall and served as the post office of the House while then-Representative Abraham Lincoln served in Congress from 1847 to 1849
His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology and the arts
As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science
Little is known about Aristotle's life
He was born in the city of Stagira in northern Greece during the Classical period
His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian
At 17 or 18 he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there till the age of 37 ()
Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored his son Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC
He established a library in the Lyceum which helped him to produce many of his hundreds of books on papyrus scrolls
Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues for publication, only around a third of his original output has survived, none of it intended for publication