Joseph Raz states that the acceptance of authority implies the belief that following their instructions will afford more success
Raz believes that this argument is true in following both authorities' successful and mistaken instruction
Anarchist perception of human nature, rejection of the state, and commitment to social revolution has been criticised by academics as naive, overly simplistic, and unrealistic, respectively
Classical anarchism has been criticised for relying too heavily on the belief that the abolition of the state will lead to human cooperation prospering
Academic John Molyneux writes in his book Anarchism: A Marxist Criticism that "anarchism cannot win", believing that it lacks the ability to properly implement its ideas
The Marxist criticism of anarchism is that it has a utopian character because all individuals should have anarchist views and values
According to the Marxist view, that a social idea would follow directly from this human ideal and out of the free will of every individual formed its essence
Marxists state that this contradiction was responsible for their inability to act
In the anarchist vision, the conflict between liberty and equality was resolved through coexistence and intertwining
A defence of philosophical anarchism, stating that "both kinds of 'anarchism' [i.e
philosophical and political anarchism] are philosophical and political claims." (p
137)
  Anarchistic popular fiction novel
An argument for philosophical anarchism
External links 

 
 Anarchy Archives – an online research center on the history and theory of anarchism
It is measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation)
Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity Je to the irradiance Ee (flux per unit area) received by a surface
The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface
These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location, and time (see position of the Sun)
The temporal resolution may range from seconds (as obtained from flux measurements) to daily, monthly, or annual averages
Unless given for a specific wavelength (spectral albedo), albedo refers to the entire spectrum of solar radiation
Due to measurement constraints, it is often given for the spectrum in which most solar energy reaches the surface (between 0.3 and 3 μm)
Ice–albedo feedback is a positive feedback climate process where a change in the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet
Ice is very reflective, therefore it reflects far more solar energy back to space than the other types of land area or open water
Ice–albedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change
Albedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and environmental management
Terrestrial albedo

Any albedo in visible light falls within a range of about 0.9 for fresh snow to about 0.04 for charcoal, one of the darkest substances
Deeply shadowed cavities can achieve an effective albedo approaching the zero of a black body
When seen from a distance, the ocean surface has a low albedo, as do most forests, whereas desert areas have some of the highest albedos among landforms
Most land areas are in an albedo range of 0.1 to 0.4
The average albedo of Earth is about 0.3
This is far higher than for the ocean primarily because of the contribution of clouds
BDRF can facilitate translations of observations of reflectance into albedo
Earth's average surface temperature due to its albedo and the greenhouse effect is currently about
If Earth were frozen entirely (and hence be more reflective), the average temperature of the planet would drop below
If only the continental land masses became covered by glaciers, the mean temperature of the planet would drop to about
In contrast, if the entire Earth was covered by water – a so-called ocean planet – the average temperature on the planet would rise to almost
In 2021, scientists reported that Earth dimmed by ~0.5% over two decades (1998–2017) as measured by earthshine using modern photometric techniques
This may have both been co-caused by climate change as well as a substantial increase in global warming
However, the link to climate change has not been explored to date and it is unclear whether or not this represents an ongoing trend
Human activities

Human activities (e.g., deforestation, farming, and urbanization) change the albedo of various areas around the globe
The tens of thousands of hectares of greenhouses in Almería, Spain form a large expanse of whitened plastic roofs
A 2008 study found that this anthropogenic change lowered the local surface area temperature of the high-albedo area, although changes were localized
A follow-up study found that "CO2-eq
emissions associated to changes in surface albedo are a consequence of land transformation" and can reduce surface temperature increases associated with climate change
It has been found that urbanization generally decreases albedo (commonly being 0.01–0.02 lower than adjacent croplands), which contributes to global warming
Deliberately increasing albedo in urban areas can mitigate urban heat island
Efforts toward widespread implementation of PDRCs may focus on maximizing the albedo of surfaces from very low to high values, so long as a thermal emittance of at least 90% can be achieved
through melting of reflective ice)
That said, albedo and illumination both vary by latitude
Albedo is highest near the poles and lowest in the subtropics, with a local maximum in the tropics